![]() The disease can be difficult to detect in young hazelnut trees until the symptoms have had a detrimental effect in orchards, making this a challenging disease to manage and study in the field. Suboptimal soil in planting sites, dryland production, and excess nitrogen in the soil have been associated with bacterial blight infection on hazelnuts ( Moore, 1974 Lamichhane et al., 2013 Olsen, 2013 Pisetta et al., 2016). It has been shown that Xac may reside epiphytically on asymptomatic plant tissues including under bud scales for extended periods without inducing symptoms ( Pisetta et al., 2016). Bacterial blight symptoms are found on leaves, buds, twigs, trunks, and occasionally nuts, primarily on young hazelnut trees between 1 and 4 years old ( Miller et al., 1949 Scortichini et al., 2002 Lamichhane and Varvaro, 2014 Kałuzna et al., 2021). corylina is a highly host-specific pathogen that exclusively causes bacterial blight in hazelnuts ( Corylus spp.) ( Miller et al., 1940). The rapid increase in planting enabled by EFB-resistant cultivars has come with many biotic and abiotic challenges, including increased reports of bacterial blight in young orchards. The hazelnut production acreage in Oregon has more than doubled since the release of EFB-resistant cultivars from 2007 to 2021 with roughly 34,000 Ha currently under cultivation ( Pacific Agricultural Survey LLC, 2021). Bacterial blight is the second most important disease in the Oregon hazelnut industry behind the devastating fungal disease eastern filbert blight (EFB), which was inadvertently introduced from its native range in the eastern U.S. corylina (Xac) ( Miller et al., 1940 Vauterin et al., 1995) is one of the most economically impactful diseases in commercial production of European hazelnut ( Corylus avellana L.) worldwide. Further studies on the effects of Xac can use the results of these experiments to establish a dose–response model for bacterial blight, a wider range of germplasm can be tested under in vitro conditions, and management strategies that can be evaluated on large populations of new cultivars using the in vivo methods.īacterial blight of hazelnut caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. The in vitro conditions significantly reduced the amount of time required to measure the inoculation efficiency compared to the in vivo environment and allowed for greater replication. Under in vivo conditions, the proportion of necrotic buds were significantly higher in “Jefferson” and “Dorris” compared to all of the other tested cultivars, including “Barcelona.” The symptom progression seen in vivo mirrored the timing and symptom progression of bacterial blight reported from field observations. ![]() Under in vitro conditions, there were severe bacterial blight symptoms on each cultivar consistent with those seen in the field, but no significant differences in the susceptibility of the newly released cultivars were observed compared to known Xac-susceptible cultivar (“Barcelona”). Five hazelnut cultivars were evaluated using the in vitro inoculation protocol and seven hazelnut cultivars were evaluated using the in vivo inoculation protocol. In this research, Xac inoculation protocols were adapted to two hazelnut growing environments to evaluate cultivar susceptibility: in vitro tissue culture under sterile and controlled conditions, and in vivo potted tree conditions. Information on susceptibility of hazelnut cultivars to Xac is limited, partially due to lack of verified methods to quantify hazelnut cultivar response to artificial inoculation. This increase in hazelnut acreage is accompanied by renewed interest in developing control strategies for bacterial blight. The disease is re-emerging in young orchards, as acreage of newly released hazelnut cultivars rapidly increases. In the past, bacterial blight has been a key disease impacting the Oregon hazelnut industry where 99% of the United States hazelnut crop is grown. 3Oregon State University, North Willamette Research and Extension Center, Aurora, OR, United Statesīacterial blight of hazelnut ( Corylus avellana L.) is caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv.2Horticultural Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR, United States.1Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.John Bryan Webber 1 Sugae Wada 1 Virginia O.
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